#ngc-6334

#ngc-6334

One of the most exciting aspects is the rich chemistry we detect. We see dozens of different molecules, including some complex organic molecules that contain carbon, the same element that forms the basis of life on Earth. From ACES, we are learning more about how the ingredients for planets, and potentially life itself, can arise in the universe.

an electron within a molecule gets excited to a higher-energy state, the electron de-transitions back to the lower energy state, where it emits light of a very specific wavelength in the process. Then, pumped or injected energy re-excites an electron within that very same molecule back into that higher-energy state, over and over.

This system is truly extraordinary. We're seeing the radio equivalent of a laser halfway across the universe. Fundamentally, masers and lasers are focused beams of light in the same frequency. In the realm of astrophysics, these can arise from clouds of dust being excited into a higher energy state from the light emitted by other sources, like stars and black holes.

Out in the Kuiper Belt, the massive doughnut of debris beyond Neptune, about one in 10 kilometer-scale objects have surprised scientists with their unexpected shape. Rather than resembling a ball, each of these remnants from the solar system's early history is composed of two different-sized lobes, like a peanut or a lazily assembled snowman. Astronomers got their clearest view yet of the phenomenon when NASA's New Horizons mission flew by the two-lobed Kuiper Belt object Arrokoth in 2019.

Looking skyward fills us with wonder. Off-world, the Sun, planets, stars, and galaxies all await. Our Solar System encompasses our own cosmic backyard. Farther away, stars and star clusters abound within the Milky Way. Hundreds of billions of stars exist just within our home galaxy. Inside our Local Group, only Andromeda surpasses us in mass, size, and stars. More than 5 million light-years away, galaxies abound in groups and clusters.

Supermassive black holes are mysterious bodies. Scientists aren't entirely sure how these beating hearts at the centers of most large galaxies formed. That includes Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the supermassive black hole at the center of our own Milky Way galaxy. Now a new preprint study is shedding light on Sagittarius A* by studying what happens as material falls toward the black hole.

The universe is exploding. Or parts of it are. The night sky may seem calm, even serene, but that masks events of a catastrophic and nearly unimaginable scale. Across the galaxy and even the cosmos itself, immense outbursts of energy occur that could easily vaporize our planet. Happily, space is vast, and the terrible distance between these events and us diminishes what we see to a faint glowusually.

The first time that University of Oxford astronomer Lyla Jung saw the cosmic configuration on her monitor, she almost didn't believe it was real. But it wasand Jung and her colleagues went on to identify one of the largest rotating structures ever found in space: a chain of galaxies embedded in a spinning cosmic filament 400 million light-years from Earth. The finding, published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, may give astronomers new insights into galaxies' formation, evolution and diversity, Jung says.

Out there, in the vast Universe, are clumps of matter that come in many different sizes and masses. We might be most familiar with galaxies like our Milky Way: with hundreds of billions of solar masses worth of stars, even more gas and plasma, and more than a trillion solar masses worth of dark matter. At smaller masses, however, it takes longer, and becomes more and more difficult, for clouds of normal matter to collapse.

Okay, first thing first: the universe is in fact expanding. We've known this for more than a century now, and it's the basis for modern cosmology. This idea is called the big bang modelwhich is an unfortunate name because it brings to mind a cosmos expanding like an explosion, with galaxies moving away from each other through space like shrapnel. But in fact space itself is expanding, and that's different.

Astronomers may have finally solved one of the weirdest mysteries of our night sky: why Betelgeuse, a massive star in the constellation Orion, seems to fade and brighten as if it were operated by a heavenly dimmer switch. Using the Hubble Space Telescope and ground-based observatories, scientists observed Betelgeuse for almost eight years and found that patterns in the star's light suggested the wake of another, unseen star was passing through its atmosphere.

A bright star in a nearby galaxy has essentially vanished. Astronomers believe that it died and collapsed in on itself, transforming into the eerie cosmic phenomenon known as a black hole. "It used to be one of the brightest stars in the Andromeda galaxy," says Kishalay De, an astronomer with Columbia University and the Flatiron Institute. "Today, it is nowhere to be seen, even with the most sensitive telescopes."

The Hubble Space Telescope displayed what the Universe looks like. Its successor, JWST, now reveals how the Universe grew up. Galaxies formed and grew massive swiftly: requiring under 300 million years. Larger-scale, more massive structures, like galaxy clusters, take longer. The earliest mature, fully-fledged cluster is CL J1001+0220. Simulations predict such clusters to appear late: after 2-3 billion years. However, proto-clusters, or still-forming galaxy clusters, appear far earlier.

A dead star 730 light years away appears to be forming a powerful structure around itself - and despite their best efforts, astronomers aren't sure how. The cosmic corpse, designated RXJ0528+2838, is an incredibly dense stellar remnant known as a white dwarf, with a Sun-like star orbiting around it. This binary arrangement isn't uncommon throughout the universe, but what is strange is the structure surrounding the former body: a highly energetic and luminescent cloud known as a nebula,

V1298 Tau is a young (10-30 Myr), approximately solar-mass star (1.10 ± 0.05  M⊙ ) in the Taurus star-forming region2,4,5,6,7,8. Observations by NASA's Kepler space telescope in its extended K2 mission9 revealed transits of the star by four different planets, each larger than Neptune2,3. The V1298 Tau planets occupy a sparsely populated region of the observed exoplanet period versus radius plane. As a young system of large planets, it provides a crucial snapshot of planetary architecture

"we were all in tears"