According to the Free Energy Principle (FEP), developed by theoretical neuroscientist Karl Friston and colleagues, much of what the brain does can be understood as minimizing such mismatches—a technical form of 'surprise' defined as the improbability of sensory input given an internal model. The proposal brings perception, action, learning, and decision-making under a single framework.
True anger has characteristics that frozen fight-or-flight completely lacks: Directional: It points toward a specific violation, not diffuse irritability at everything. Connected to values: It arises from what you care about, what matters deeply to you. Proportionate: The intensity matches the actual offense. Resolving: When addressed or fully experienced, it naturally dissipates. Think of the parent protecting their bullied child. The person discovering they've been lied to by someone they trusted.